Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: ADGRG1-targeted hypoxia preconditioned extracellular vesicles ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration by delivering taurine to disrupt the oxidative stress feedback loop-driven ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.029

Figure Lengend Snippet: Taurine is the key small molecule in A1TP-HX-EVs that activated the AMPK/NRF2 pathway to regulate nucleus pulposus cell repair. (A) The LC-MS/MS analysis was used to detect the differential active small molecule components between placental HX-EVs and EVs. (B) The SMPDB enrichment analysis identified pathways related to small molecules that are up-expressed in HX-EVs compared to EVs. The metabolic pathways marked in red are related to ferroptosis inhibition and mitochondrial function. (C) Volcano plot of small molecule in HX-EVs versus EVs. |log2FC| > 0.5, FDR <0.05. (D) The content of taurine in placental MSC (pMSC), hypoxia-induced pMSC(HX-pMSC) and their derived EVs was detected by ELISA. n = 3. (E) Primary NPCs cells were induced with TBHP, and then treated with EVs, HX-EVs, and A1TP-HX-EVs for 24 h. The cell lysates were subjected to ELISA assay to detect taurine content. (F) Two shRNA lentiviruses were designed to knock down TAUT a key enzyme in taurine uptake in pMSC. (G) The content of taurine in TAUT-sh1-pMSC and TAUT-sh2-pMSC derived EVs (KD-HX-EVs) was detected by ELISA. n = 3. (H) Primary NPCs were induced with TBHP, and then treated with A1TP-HX-EVs and A1TP-KD-HX-EVs for 24 h. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. (I) Primary NPCs were induced with TBHP, and then treated with A1TP-HX-EVs and A1TP-KD-HX-EVs for 24 h, followed by immunofluorescent staining with anti- TOM20 (green) and anti-4-HNE (red) antibodies. n = 3. Scale bar, 50 μm. (J) A CDO1-overexpressing retrovirus was designed to overexpress CDO1 in pMSCs. (K) The content of taurine in CDO1-OE-pMSC derived EVs (OE-EVs) was detected by ELISA. n = 3. (L) Primary NPCs were induced with TBHP, and then treated with treated A1TP-EVs and A1TP-OE-EVs for 24 h. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. (M) Primary NPCs were induced with TBHP, and then treated with A1TP-EVs and A1TP-OE-EVs for 24 h, followed by immunofluorescent staining with anti-TOM20 (green) and anti-4-HNE (red) antibodies. n = 3. Scale bar, 50 μm. (N-O) Representative oxygen consumption traces of primary NPCs induced with TBHP and then treated with A1TP-HX-EVs, A1TP-KD-HX-EVs, or A1TP-OE-EVs for 24 h. Maximal respiration of NPCs were quantified. n = 3. All data are expressed as the mean ± SD. For E), I), M) and O), one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used for statistical analysis. For D), G) and K), two‐tailed unpaired Student's t‐tests were used for statistical analysis. ∗ P < 0.05. ∗∗ P < 0.01. ∗∗∗ P < 0.001. ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies included FTH1(4393S, Cell Signaling Technology), COL1A1(72026T, Cell Signaling Technology), COL2A1(sc-52658, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), MMP13(ab39012, Abcam), GPX4(30388-1-AP, Proteintech), ADGRG1(sc-390192, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), TAUT (sc-393036, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), TonEBP (sc-101098, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), CDO1 (12589-1-AP, Proteintech), AMPK(10929-2-AP, Proteintech), Phospho-AMPK (Thr172)(2535T, Cell Signaling Technology), SIRT1(8469T, Cell Signaling Technology), P-SIRT1(Ser47)(2314S, Cell Signaling Technology), PGC-1α(2178S, Cell Signaling Technology), Ac-lysine(sc-81623, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), NRF2(16396-1-AP, Proteintech), TFAM(22586-1-AP, Proteintech), NCOA4(66849S, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Inhibition, Derivative Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, shRNA, Knockdown, Staining, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Molecules and Cells

Article Title: CpG oligodeoxynucleotide reduces PrP Sc accumulation and prolongs survival in prion-infected mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mocell.2026.100335

Figure Lengend Snippet: CpG ODN induces AMPK signaling and attenuates phosphorylated p62 accumulation in 22L scrapie-infected mice. (a) Western blot analysis of brain lysates at 170 dpi showing expression levels of p-AMPK T172, AMPK, p-ULK1 S555, ULK1, p-p62 S403, p62, ATG12–5, and LC3 I/II in brains of 22L scrapie-infected mice with or without CpG ODN at 170 dpi. (b) Relative intensity of p-AMPK, p-ULK, p62, p-p62, ATG12–5, and LC3-II represented as bar graphs (mean ± S.E.M, n = 6). Statistical significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. * P < .05, ** P < .01, *** P < .001. NS: not significant.

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk in PBST (8 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 2 mM KH 2 PO4, 138 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.1% Tween 20; pH 7.4) for 1 hour at room temperature (RT), followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: mouse monoclonal anti-PrP 3F10 (1:2000) , rabbit polyclonal anti-TLR9 (1:2000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho AMPK T172 (p-AMPK T172) (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit monoclonal anti-AMPK (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-p62 S403 (p-p62 S403) (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit monoclonal anti-p62 (1:2000, MBL, Nagoya, Japan), rabbit monoclonal anti-phospho-ULK1 S555 (p-ULK1 S555)(1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-ULK1 (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3 I/II (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-GFAP (1:2000, CosmoBio, Tokyo, Japan), rabbit polyclonal anti-ATG12 (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology) and mouse monoclonal anti-β-actin (1:2000, Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: Molecules and Cells

Article Title: CpG oligodeoxynucleotide reduces PrP Sc accumulation and prolongs survival in prion-infected mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mocell.2026.100335

Figure Lengend Snippet: CpG ODN reduces PrP Sc accumulation and activates AMPK-associated signaling in 22L scrapie-infected neuronal cells. (a and b) Immunoblot analysis of (a) PrP Sc and total PrP, and (b) TLR9, p-AMPK T172, total AMPK, p-ULK1 S555, total ULK1, ATG12–5, total p62, and LC3 I/II in 22L scrapie-infected neuronal cells (ZW-22L) treated with CpG ODN (0, 1, or 3 µM) for 6 hours. For PrP Sc detection, equal amounts of protein were incubated with proteinase K (2 µg/ml) for 1 hour. (c) Densitometric quantification of p-AMPK, p-ULK1, ATG12–5, total p62, and LC3-II levels. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M ( n = 3). (d) Immunoblot analysis of PrP Sc , p-AMPK T172, and total AMPK in ZW-22L cells treated with CpG ODN (3 µM, 6 hours) in presence or absence of the TLR9 antagonist ODN 2088 (5 µM, 7 hours). Data represents 3 independent experiments ( n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (* P < .05, *** P < .001).

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk in PBST (8 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 2 mM KH 2 PO4, 138 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.1% Tween 20; pH 7.4) for 1 hour at room temperature (RT), followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: mouse monoclonal anti-PrP 3F10 (1:2000) , rabbit polyclonal anti-TLR9 (1:2000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho AMPK T172 (p-AMPK T172) (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit monoclonal anti-AMPK (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-p62 S403 (p-p62 S403) (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit monoclonal anti-p62 (1:2000, MBL, Nagoya, Japan), rabbit monoclonal anti-phospho-ULK1 S555 (p-ULK1 S555)(1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-ULK1 (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3 I/II (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-GFAP (1:2000, CosmoBio, Tokyo, Japan), rabbit polyclonal anti-ATG12 (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology) and mouse monoclonal anti-β-actin (1:2000, Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Incubation